You are confronted by a frantic father explaining that his daughter is struggling to breathe!

After performing a physical examination of the infant, you record the following:

  • Cyanosis (a purplish/bluish tinge to the skin)
  • Paresthesia (numbness or abnormal sensation) in the fingers and toes
  • Hypotension (low blood pressure)
  • Systolic murmur (abnormal heart sounds heard during ventricular contraction)
  • No ventral body wall defects
  • No apparent obstruction of airways

Medical imaging reveals the following abnormality.

Pulmonary-stenosis.png

How would you characterize the defect labeled ‘A’?

Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary atresia
Aortic atresia
Pulmonary stenosis